嶺南文化佚記

Sunday, August 07, 2005

墨西哥週末(二):墨西哥的黑暗時代

--領男


到步近一星期,從墨西哥的網上媒體、報章、電視新聞經常都聽到到有關現任墨西哥總統霍斯(Vincente Fox Quesada)的故事,墨西哥人稱讚他是首位真正透過民主選舉產生的總統,他是中美洲一個非常熱賣的新聞題材。然而,霍斯出現之處,都總有一股強大政治勢力陪伴左右,對霍斯而言,豪無疑問這股勢力是隻欄路虎。

在 零四年的國家週年聽政會上,霍斯站在總統席,準備宣讀施政報告,內容都是他當選前向大眾許諾過改革方案。面對國會席上二百二十多屬位革命黨的議員,霍斯顯 得孤立無助。報告宣讀每十分鐘,要不是遭到死對頭的發言打斷,就是場內示威牌、口號、海報騷擾而被迫暫停。當地的政治評論員說,就算八八年透過不法選舉上 台的總統沙連拿斯(Carlos Salinas de Gortari)也未嘗過如此的挑戰。

在過去六年,霍斯所受到主要的挑戰,並非來自佈滿墨西哥城的社會運動、亦不是查巴達解放陣線,而是在他上台前經已專政七十二年的建制革命黨(Institutional Revolutionary Party,墨西哥人稱PRI)。

PRI的前身叫國家革命黨(National Revolution Party, PRN)成立於二十世紀初,由當時的警察部長卡利斯(Plutarco Elías Calles)成立。早於一九一零年代,PRN以推翻獨裁者戴亞斯(José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori)為號召,革命成功後正式改名PRI,開始七十二年的極權統治。

即 使PRI至今依然強調自己為人民帶來現代化及社會穩定的成就,但已不服當年得民心。當代歷史學家評批評墨西哥過去七十二年是極權管治的年代,PRI以暴力 打壓原住民、大小參選人,成立秘密警察搜捕異見份子的歷史,墨西哥人依然歷歷在目。其次,就是PRI親手將墨西哥送上全球化舞台的「豐功偉績」,一切都令 PRI於墨西哥本土臭名遠播。

即使前總統Lázaro Cárdenas上台後為國家訂立了不少良好的制度,七十二年的專政卻令政權敗絮其中。就以開磺業為例,起初PRI設立國有化的制度,本地工人無論在工 資、工作環境到一家大小也受基本保障。雖然現代化過程使南部的原住民受到不苦難,他們失去土地,但相比現在,當時生活總算過得去。八十年代查巴達解放陣線 的出現,就是在這社會脈絡出現。

卡坦尼斯就此被冠以左翼總統之名,但後來接任的選統卻似乎抵不住金錢包裝的國際關係所誘惑。一九八零年 代,PRI已著手跟美國及加拿大洽商北美自由協定,相討如何將墨西哥南部接連中南美洲,在打開電信溝通硬件的同時,也要讓美國駐軍,目的是要全面私有化中 南美洲的自然資源,讓企業控制油田。

現時在國際新聞看見的查巴達解放陣線, 以及在墨西哥城鬧得火熱的反全運化運動,就是在八十年代PRI的沙拉拿斯上台後引發。他被認為一手將墨西哥送上全球化舞台的總統。在他執政期間,大量社會 基建、天然資源、公營事業都漸漸私有化。可是,二十年後的墨西哥,卻未見市場競爭、百家爭嗚的結果,相反愈來愈來美國企業的大招牌在大街小行除風飄揚。

近廿二年,墨西哥政府與美國在政治經濟關係上都變得千絲萬縷。直至九四年,北美協定正式生效。一月一日,查巴達解放陣線的原住民起義,副指揮官馬高斯(Marcos)指他們並非是要推翻執政府,而是要爭取有尊嚴的生活,兩天內他們佔領齊亞巴(Chiapas)省一半地區,包括首都及南部各資源重陣。

雖然PRI見形勢不妙查巴達宣佈和談,但直至二千年霍斯上台執政之前,PRI依然固守他們槍干政策,向南部派駐軍隊包圍查巴達控制範圍,除了間中的軍事衝突以外,PRI軍隊還會突襲原住的教堂及村落,殺死蒙面的原住民。

寫 完報導後,我落樓再同班墨西哥仔踢波,跟隊時問及來自南部的Sakos對下年選統大選的想法,他說:「我們的政府有些問題,它們不是選統可以解決的,即使 Fox上台,他在六年也做不到任何事」。似乎PRI的影響力並未隨著總統選舉落敗而消失,他們強大的勢,在扮演反對黨的時間表露無遺,而明年的大選,將會 是他們捲土重來的時機。

六年來新選統在做什麼?留待下集書寫

相關文章:

查巴達:第二階段
(轉載自台灣苦勞網)

系列報導:

墨西哥週末(一):墨西哥人的言論空間

2 Comments:

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