語文教育的政治(二之二)
語文教育的政治(二) | |||
學生從入學開始,就不斷地被勒令要正確書寫、正確閱讀、正確說話,在這種環境突現的特別相關的問題是:懂得各能夠用一種語言「正確」的意思,既代表又延續 了一種宰制。語言標準與佔主導地位的集團的權力是息息相關的。這種霸權肆虐的過程中尤其是雙語教育中,學生被迫標準地背誦正確的語詞和文法,但這些與學生 的文化背景、生活經歷、多樣的族群語言無關。於是,語言被約化為一套認知的技巧,在抽空了學生的社會身份認同所界劃的族群、性別、階級的情況下,學生被迫 要掌握這些認知的技巧。(Moraes 1996, 8-9)
從老師拒絕與學生討論有關訪問時是否應抽空語境 (Decontextualize),只作技巧上的背誦便能看出,香港的英語教學的而且確是「與學生的文化背景、生活經歷、多樣的族群語言無關。」的。即 使學生嘗試把自己的文化背景、經驗帶入課堂上分享,從而豐富有關英語訪問教學的內涵,課程卻將他們拒諸門外。上述學生的親身經驗意味著英語課程某程度上是 拒絕承認語言是複雜多樣的,拒絕承認不同的社群、階級和獨特的社區有不同的語言、不同的情景有不同的語言 ( Dentith 1995:35),是否定獨特的群體和人民的體驗,而且抹煞學生作為「訪問者」的經驗,這直接將學生的主體性去除,可見英語教學是一種強烈的規訓模式。從 福柯的分析可以看出,語文教育體制並非是一種為全體人民提供的機會和福利,而是一種控制機制,它不斷地用隱形的權力來將每個個體圈到其中,自覺或不自覺地 為整個機制服務。
雖然福柯指出每個建制的運作均是以規訓手段,去除每個個體的主體性以彰顯它們的權力,才得以在公眾面前製造合法性與認受性。但同時他也指出被壓迫的個體也 並非毫無招架之力,任由宰割,因為「有權力的地方就會有反抗」,以下我嘗試援引一個於英語課進行時的一段觀察,從而說明一下學生如何對建制作出反抗。
事件發生於一次英語課的分組討論時間,其時老師指令學生以小組形式討論 “The best and worst places to visit in Hong Kong”,課程設計連帶寫出四條問題作「指引」:
1. What places does the interviewee mention?
2. Name of one of his favorite places to visit and the reasons?
3. Name the place that he dislikes and the reasons?
4. Do you agree with him?
同學A:「這課真悶」
同學B:「中學不知道已做過千萬次這些練習,到大學又要再做真悶﹗」
同學C:「聲浪小一點,幸好她在課室的另一角」
老師來到組一視察
同學A:「OH....I agree .....I think the best place in Hong Kong is Stanley because there’s so beautiful」
同學B:「YEAH...Right.....But I think there’s too dirty....I like Ocean Park」
同學C:「I think Ocean Park is boring....」
老師點頭離去
同學A:「真悶……」
同學B:「她走過來時便演場戲給她看吧」
同學C:「沒錯」
課堂預設了老師授課時,同學必須在指定時候說「應說的話」及使用的「應用的語言」、何時做「應做的事」,事件中的學生以一套被指令語言作反抗工具,換取主 體性的喘息空間。另一方面,他們明白課程的運作是靠「老師」作監視工具,以維持其穩定性,以免權力受到顛覆,繼而連認受性也一併被動搖。但是,即使英語課 程的學生懂得作出細微的反抗,這種「即時應變」的「求生」策略為香港的學生凝朔了怎樣的一種另類主體性? 社會學家呂大樂說:
教育其實是一個過程。但時下香港人的實用主義和功具主義的角度來看,這都是不切實際、太慢、不能保證成效。大概就是基於這樣的考慮,今天社會大眾都嚷著提 高教育的效率。甚麼十年樹木,百年樹人,誰有興趣去等?現在,一切只爭朝夕,一分一秒不容有失。講過程,變得不切實際﹙甚至視為不思進取,缺乏管理意識的 藉口﹚其實,所謂工具主義是把日常生活中各種活動祝為另有目的,純粹是為達到那些目的的工具,而不視該活動本身的內在價值和意義。可是,在愈來愈自覺地以 工具主義的態度面對生活各方面的需要和問題的情況下,香港人的所作所為已達到自我破壞、自我摧毀的境地,不能自拔。從工具主義出發,一切在教育範圍內的活 動,都套入了策略性考慮的原則。雖然學生都明白背誦範文絕非改善作文、提高表達能力的方法,但考試為重,亦一樣會為了成績而花多時間去操練「模範答案」。 (呂大樂,2002:68-69)
呂大樂慨嘆的「香港人」,相信是由教育制度之下的老師及學生共同協作的偉大作品。正如觀察所見。在英語課這個表面上開放言路的嚴密規訓制度中,連老師 也自我規訓,拒絕討論,不注重交流而將「模範答案」加諸同學的表現正正反映了這種情況。而這種「工具主義」的生成,我認為往往是源於學生對付規訓的對策。 因為「討論」不被納入「正常」的課程內容。(雖然老師不停地說鼓勵討論,並且加入「討論」作考試一部份)他所指的「模範答案」正是英語課程的「訪問技巧」 素材中set A, B, C項的答案。至於學生長期處於一種不停在嚴密制度,以「醒目」的策略為自己尋找喘息空間的狀況,是否協作構成了一種新的主體性?而這類處於壓抑之下發展出 來的另類主體性,是一類怎樣的香港學生?
參考書目:
張文軍 (1998 ):《後現代教育》,台北:楊智
呂大樂,(2002):《誰說家長一定是好人》,香港:進一步多媒體有限公司
米歇爾福柯著 ; 劉北城, 楊遠嬰譯 (1999):《規訓與懲罰 : 監獄的誕生》/ 北京:新知三聯書店
Moraes, Marcia (1996): Bilingual Education: Dialogue with Bakhin Cride, Albany: State University of New York Press)
Dentith, Simon (1995):Bakhtinian thought:: an introductory reader, London New York : Routledge
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